专题讲解：

【翻译步骤介绍】
1、通读原文，了解文章的主题以及需要翻译的句子。
2、分析所要求翻译的部分，弄清句子的主干和修饰成分，以及它们的逻辑关系，
明确代词所指代的具体的词或短语，同时还要注意是否存在省略等等语法现象，
明确句子的整体意思及其在上下文中所处的地位。

3、开始翻译，就是用自己的话把作者的意思再现出来，将英语的长句分解,
翻译成汉语的短句，尽量使译文得体。

4、检查译文是否准确地翻译出原文的意思，是否符合汉语的说法。

专题训练：

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account
in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told
part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected
America. But they have done that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of
intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.

First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?
(46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and
pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.
He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual
questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems
appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.
(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of
revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to
his decision.

This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the
average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments
may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task
of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings,
he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not
supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But
his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more
than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of
conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as
the businessman takes his ethics.

The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching
has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They
may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no
independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description
even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge
is one thing; living in “public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.

1、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。

2、知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。

3、我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务。

4、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。

5、教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。